Coleoptera

Beetle elytra are hardened forewings that chiefly protect the hindwings and underlying body. Zhao et al. use these commonly preserved fossil structures to compare morphological disparity in Permian and Triassic beetles; this sampled comparison does not establish a single ecology for living Coleoptera.

A broad beetle phylogeny links sampled genomic changes and plant associations to diversification across Coleoptera. The calibrated tree is a model of sampled lineages, not a direct fossil date for beetle origin or a complete order history.

The 298–0 Ma Coleoptera display begins at the standardized Asselian bin containing the earliest definite beetles and is not an inferred order-origin date.

Zhao et al. compare Permian and Triassic beetle elytra from a bounded fossil sample, while McKenna et al. sample 373 living beetles spanning about 67% of families; these records do not constitute a complete geographic distribution for Coleoptera.

Zhao et al. link Permian–Triassic beetle disparity changes to vegetation turnover after end-Permian deforestation and discuss plant associations in the sampled lineages; this is a historical ecological interpretation, not direct behaviour or a uniform ecology for living beetles.

McKenna et al. use a 373-taxon genomic sample to test beetle relationships and diversification, while Zhao et al. add a fossil elytral sample; the resulting classification is a sampled hypothesis rather than a complete or final Coleoptera taxonomy.