Phylogenetic analysis of Russian Permian dicynodonts (Therapsida: Anomodontia): implications for Permian biostratigraphy and Pangaean biogeography

A broad morphology matrix places the sampled Russian Permian taxa within competing dicynodont topologies and exposes strong Gondwanan–Laurasian sampling imbalance; Dicynodontia is therefore represented as a matrix-tested extinct radiation, not a resolved ancestor chain.

Dicynodontia is displayed at 259.5–251.9 Ma only as the Russian Permian matrix sample, not the global first and last appearances of Dicynodontia. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.