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References

The source ledger used by published entities, claims, ranges, events and stories.

120 entries · Dataset 2026.09-static-v5-rc154

Directory entries

  1. International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2026/06Cohen, K.M.; Harper, D.A.T.; Gibbard, P.L.; Car, N. · 2026
  2. The Paleobiology Database application programming interfacePeters, S.E.; McClennen, M. · 2016
  3. Denormalized occurrence and taxon tables of the Paleobiology DatabaseThe Paleobiology Database Community; Kocsis, Á.T. · 2026
  4. Open Tree of Life web servicesOpenTreeOfLife Project · 2026-08-18
  5. Perissodactyl evolutionAmerican Museum of Natural History · 2026-08-18
  6. AmynodontidaeAmerican Museum of Natural History · 2026-08-18
  7. BrontotheriidaeAmerican Museum of Natural History · 2026-08-18
  8. EquidaeAmerican Museum of Natural History · 2026-08-18
  9. An Oligocene giant rhino provides insights into Paraceratherium evolutionDeng, T.; Lu, X.; Wang, S.; et al. · 2021
  10. Earliest perissodactyls reveal large-scale dispersals during the PETMTissier, J.; Smith, T. · 2026
  11. Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros familyLiu, S.; Westbury, M.V.; Dussex, N.; et al. · 2021
  12. Eocene–Oligocene mammalian faunal turnover in the Hampshire Basin, UK: calibration to the global time scale and the major cooling eventHooker, J.J.; Collinson, M.E.; Sille, N.P. · 2004
  13. The rise of oxygen in Earth's early ocean and atmosphereLyons, T.W.; Reinhard, C.T.; Planavsky, N.J. · 2014
  14. The Ediacara biota: Neoproterozoic origin of animals and their ecosystemsNarbonne, G.M. · 2005
  15. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animalsErwin, D.H.; Laflamme, M.; Tweedt, S.M.; et al. · 2011
  16. The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE): the palaeoecological dimensionServais, T.; Owen, A.W.; Harper, D.A.T.; et al. · 2010
  17. Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of PolandNiedźwiedzki, G.; Szrek, P.; Narkiewicz, K.; Narkiewicz, M.; Ahlberg, P.E. · 2010
  18. High-precision timeline for Earth's most severe extinctionBurgess, S.D.; Bowring, S.; Shen, S.-Z. · 2014
  19. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinctionAlvarez, L.W.; Alvarez, W.; Asaro, F.; Michel, H.V. · 1980
  20. The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: a perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the futureMcInerney, F.A.; Wing, S.L. · 2011
  21. Rapid stepwise onset of Antarctic glaciation and deeper calcite compensation in the Pacific OceanCoxall, H.K.; Wilson, P.A.; Pälike, H.; Lear, C.H.; Backman, J. · 2005
  22. Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundaryCerling, T.E.; Harris, J.M.; MacFadden, B.J.; et al. · 1997
  23. Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate changeSandom, C.; Faurby, S.; Sandel, B.; Svenning, J.-C. · 2014
  24. The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinctionChen, Z.-Q.; Benton, M.J. · 2012
  25. The Evolution of Equid Monodactyly: A Review Including a New HypothesisMcHorse, B.K.; Biewener, A.A.; Pierce, S.E. · 2019
  26. Old world hipparion evolution, biogeography, climatology and ecologyBernor, R.L.; Kaya, F.; Kaakinen, A.; Saarinen, J.; Fortelius, M. · 2021
  27. Tale of two rhinos: isotopic ecology, paleodiet, and niche differentiation of Aphelops and Teleoceras from the Florida NeogeneMacFadden, B.J. · 1998
  28. Home on the range: A multi-isotope investigation of ungulate resource partitioning at Ashfall Fossil Beds, Nebraska, USAWard, C.T.; Crowley, B.E.; Secord, R. · 2024
  29. Enamel carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes reveal limited mobility in Teleoceras major at Ashfall Fossil Beds, Nebraska, USAWard, C.T.; Crowley, B.E.; Secord, R. · 2025
  30. Genome shows no recent inbreeding in near-extinction woolly rhinoceros sample found in ancient wolf's stomachGuðjónsdóttir, S.M.; Lord, E.; Pochon, Z.; et al. · 2026
  31. The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundarySchulte, P. et al. · 2010
  32. The oldest gnathostome teethAndreev, P.S.; Sansom, I.J.; Li, Q.; Zhao, W.; Wang, J.; Wang, C.-C.; Peng, L.; Jia, L.; Qiao, T.; Zhu, M. · 2022
  33. Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of IndiaThewissen, J.G.M.; Cooper, L.N.; Clementz, M.T.; Bajpai, S.; Tiwari, B.N. · 2007
  34. Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactylsThewissen, J.G.M.; Williams, E.M.; Roe, L.J.; Hussain, S.T. · 2001
  35. Fossil evidence for the origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete whalesThewissen, J.G.M.; Hussain, S.T.; Arif, M. · 1994
  36. An amphibious whale from the middle Eocene of Peru reveals early South Pacific dispersal of quadrupedal cetaceansLambert, O.; Bianucci, G.; Salas-Gismondi, R.; et al. · 2019
  37. Hind limbs of Eocene Basilosaurus: evidence of feet in whalesGingerich, P.D.; Smith, B.H.; Simons, E.L. · 1990
  38. Transition of Eocene whales from land to sea: evidence from bone microstructureHoussaye, A.; Tafforeau, P.; de Muizon, C.; Gingerich, P.D. · 2015
  39. Aegicetus gehennae, a new late Eocene protocetid (Cetacea, Archaeoceti) from Wadi Al Hitan, Egypt, and the transition to tail-powered swimming in whalesGingerich, P.D.; Antar, M.S.M.; Zalmout, I.S. · 2019
  40. Correction: Aegicetus gehennae, a new late Eocene protocetid and the transition to tail-powered swimming in whalesThe PLOS ONE Staff · 2020
  41. Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interspersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whalesNikaido, M.; Rooney, A.P.; Okada, N. · 1999
  42. Divergence date estimation and a comprehensive molecular tree of extant cetaceansMcGowen, M.R.; Spaulding, M.; Gatesy, J. · 2009
  43. Using Phylogenomic Data to Explore the Effects of Relaxed Clocks and Calibration Strategies on Divergence Time Estimation: Primates as a Test Casedos Reis, M.; Gunnell, G.F.; Barba-Montoya, J.; Wilkins, A.; Yang, Z.; Yoder, A.D. · 2018
  44. Oldest known euarchontan tarsals and affinities of Paleocene Purgatorius to PrimatesChester, S.G.B.; Bloch, J.I.; Boyer, D.M.; Clemens, W.A. · 2015
  45. Altiatlasius koulchii n. gen. et sp., primate omomyidé du Paléocène supérieur du Maroc, et les origines des EuprimatesSigé, B.; Jaeger, J.-J.; Sudre, J.; Vianey-Liaud, M. · 1990
  46. A new family of plesiadapiformes (Mammalia) from the Old World lower PaleogeneHooker, J.J.; Russell, D.E.; Phélizon, A. · 1999
  47. Rapid Asia–Europe–North America geographic dispersal of earliest Eocene primate Teilhardina during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal MaximumSmith, T.; Rose, K.D.; Gingerich, P.D. · 2006
  48. Evidence for a Grooming Claw in a North American Adapiform Primate: Implications for Anthropoid OriginsMaiolino, S.A.; Boyer, D.M.; Bloch, J.I.; Gilbert, C.C.; Groenke, J. · 2012
  49. Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and PaleobiologyFranzen, J.L.; Gingerich, P.D.; Habersetzer, J.; Hurum, J.H.; von Koenigswald, W.; Smith, B.H. · 2009
  50. The oldest known anthropoid postcranial fossils and the early evolution of higher primatesGebo, D.L.; Dagosto, M.; Beard, K.C.; Qi, T.; Wang, J. · 2000
  51. New Oligocene primate from Saudi Arabia and the divergence of apes and Old World monkeysZalmout, I.S.; Sanders, W.J.; MacLatchy, L.M.; Gunnell, G.F.; Al-Mufarreh, Y.A.; Ali, M.A.; Nasser, A.-A.H.; Al-Masari, A.M.; Al-Sobhi, S.A.; Nadhra, A.O.; Matari, A.H.; Wilson, J.A.; Gingerich, P.D. · 2010
  52. Postcranial functional morphology of Morotopithecus bishopi, with implications for the evolution of modern ape locomotionMacLatchy, L.; Gebo, D.; Kityo, R.; Pilbeam, D. · 2000
  53. A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early HomoLordkipanidze, D.; Ponce de León, M.S.; Margvelashvili, A.; Rak, Y.; Rightmire, G.P.; Vekua, A.; Zollikofer, C.P.E. · 2013
  54. A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in CroatiaPrüfer, K.; de Filippo, C.; Grote, S.; Mafessoni, F.; Korlević, P.; Hajdinjak, M.; Vernot, B.; Skov, L.; Hsieh, P.; Peyrégne, S.; et al. · 2017
  55. Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western SiberiaFu, Q.; Li, H.; Moorjani, P.; Jay, F.; Slepchenko, S.M.; Bondarev, A.A.; Johnson, P.L.F.; Aximu-Petri, A.; Prüfer, K.; de Filippo, C.; et al. · 2014
  56. The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K–Pg radiation of placentalsO'Leary, M.A. et al. · 2013
  57. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogeneticsMurphy, W.J. et al. · 2001
  58. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolutionBaron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. · 2017
  59. Untangling the dinosaur family treeLanger, M.C.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Benton, M.J.; Knoll, F.; McPhee, B.W.; Novas, F.E.; Pol, D.; Brusatte, S.L. · 2017
  60. A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and DietCabreira, S.F.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; et al. · 2016
  61. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic of South Africa, and the early evolution and diversification of OrnithischiaButler, R.J.; Smith, R.M.H.; Norman, D.B. · 2007
  62. Ontogenetic changes in the body plan of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Mussaurus patagonicus reveal shifts of locomotor stance during growthOtero, A.; Cuff, A.R.; Allen, V.; Sumner-Rooney, L.; Pol, D.; Hutchinson, J.R. · 2019
  63. A giant dinosaur from the earliest Jurassic of South Africa and the transition to quadrupedality in early sauropodomorphsMcPhee, B.W.; Benson, R.B.J.; Botha-Brink, J.; Bordy, E.M.; Choiniere, J.N. · 2018
  64. Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationshipsNorman, D.B. · 2021
  65. A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern ChinaXu, X.; Forster, C.A.; Clark, J.M.; Mo, J. · 2006
  66. Biostratinomic alterations of an Edmontosaurus “mummy” reveal a pathway for soft tissue preservation without invoking “exceptional conditions”Drumheller, S.K.; Boyd, C.A.; Barnes, B.M.; Householder, M.L. · 2022
  67. A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of ChinaXu, X.; Wang, K.; Zhang, K.; et al. · 2012
  68. A nesting dinosaurNorell, M.A.; Clark, J.M.; Chiappe, L.M.; Dashzeveg, D. · 1995
  69. Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaursErickson, G.M.; Makovicky, P.J.; Currie, P.J.; Norell, M.A.; Yerby, S.A.; Brochu, C.A. · 2004
  70. The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy in Tyrannosaurus rexGignac, P.M.; Erickson, G.M. · 2017
  71. Timing and tempo of the Great Oxidation EventGumsley, A.P.; Chamberlain, K.R.; Bleeker, W.; Söderlund, U.; de Kock, M.O.; Larsson, E.R.; Bekker, A. · 2017
  72. Dodging snowballs: Geochronology of the Gaskiers glaciation and the first appearance of the Ediacaran biotaPu, J.P.; Bowring, S.A.; Ramezani, J.; Myrow, P.; Raub, T.D.; Landing, E.; Mills, A.; Hodgin, E.; Macdonald, F.A. · 2016
  73. Time scales of critical events around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundaryRenne, P.R.; Deino, A.L.; Hilgen, F.J.; Kuiper, K.F.; Mark, D.F.; Mitchell, W.S.; Morgan, L.E.; Mundil, R.; Smit, J. · 2013
  74. A new graptolite (Pterobranchia) from the early Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte of ChinaYang, J.; Caron, J.-B.; Conway Morris, S.; et al. · 2025
  75. Suspension feeding by the pterobranch hemichordate Rhabdopleura normaniHalanych, K.M. · 1993
  76. Dinosaur census reveals abundant Tyrannosaurus and rare ontogenetic stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USAHorner, J.R.; Goodwin, M.B.; Myhrvold, N. · 2011
  77. A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidenceCarr, T.D. · 2020
  78. Tyrant dinosaur evolution tracks the rise and fall of Late Cretaceous oceansLoewen, M.A.; Irmis, R.B.; Sertich, J.J.W.; Currie, P.J.; Sampson, S.D. · 2013
  79. Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south ChinaShu, D.-G.; Luo, H.-L.; Conway Morris, S.; Zhang, X.-L.; Hu, S.-X.; Chen, L.; Han, J.; Zhu, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, L.-Z. · 1999
  80. The oldest articulated bony fish from the early Silurian periodZhu, Y.-A.; Chen, Y.; Li, Q.; Zhao, W.-J.; Zhou, Z.-D.; Jia, L.-T.; Yu, Y.-L.; Yu, H.-X.; Wei, G.-B.; Ahlberg, P.E.; Lu, J.; Zhu, M. · 2026
  81. Earliest amniote tracks recalibrate the timeline of tetrapod evolutionLong, J.A.; Niedźwiedzki, G.; Garvey, J.; Clement, A.M.; Camens, A.B.; Eury, C.A.; Eason, J.; Ahlberg, P.E. · 2025
  82. The Sail-Backed Reptile Ctenosauriscus from the Latest Early Triassic of Germany and the Timing and Biogeography of the Early Archosaur RadiationButler, R.J.; Brusatte, S.L.; Reich, M.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Schoch, R.R.; Hornung, J.J. · 2011
  83. Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocksOhtomo, Y.; Kakegawa, T.; Ishida, A.; Nagase, T.; Rosing, M.T. · 2014
  84. Constraining the Time Interval for the Origin of Life on EarthPearce, B.K.D.; Tupper, A.S.; Pudritz, R.E.; Higgs, P.G. · 2018
  85. Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record of Terrestrial Hoofed MammalsProthero, D.R. · 2009
  86. Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)Mihlbachler, M.C. · 2008
  87. Dental wear variation and implications for diet: An example from Eocene perissodactyls (Mammalia)Joomun, S.C.; Hooker, J.J.; Collinson, M.E. · 2008
  88. Locomotor adaptations in Metamynodon planifrons compared to other amynodontids (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea)Wall, W.P.; Heinbaugh, K.L. · 1999
  89. Feeding ecology of the Chalicotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Ancylopoda): results from dental micro- and mesowear analysesSchulz, E.; Fahlke, J.M.; Merceron, G.; Kaiser, T.M. · 2007
  90. Anchitherium aurelianense (Equidae, Mammalia): a brachydont “dirty browser” in the community of herbivorous large mammals from Sandelzhausen (Miocene, Germany)Kaiser, T.M. · 2009
  91. When the woolly rhinoceroses roamed East Asia: a review of isotopic paleoecology of the genus Coelodonta from the Tibetan Plateau to northern EurasiaMa, J.; Wang, S.; Deng, T. · 2024
  92. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaursButler, R.J.; Upchurch, P.; Norman, D.B. · 2008
  93. Stegosauria: a historical review of the body fossil record and phylogenetic relationshipsMaidment, S.C.R. · 2010
  94. Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)Thompson, R.S.; Parish, J.C.; Maidment, S.C.R.; Barrett, P.M. · 2012
  95. Redescription of Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North AmericaCarpenter, K. · 2004
  96. A Ceratopsian Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Western North America, and the Biogeography of NeoceratopsiaFarke, A.A.; Maxwell, W.D.; Cifelli, R.L.; Wedel, M.J. · 2014
  97. Torosaurus Is Not Triceratops: Ontogeny in Chasmosaurine Ceratopsids as a Case Study in Dinosaur TaxonomyLongrich, N.R.; Field, D.J. · 2012
  98. Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaursPrieto-Márquez, A. · 2010
  99. Cranial Growth and Variation in Edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): Implications for Latest Cretaceous Megaherbivore Diversity in North AmericaCampione, N.E.; Evans, D.C. · 2011
  100. A Complete Skeleton of a Late Triassic Saurischian and the Early Evolution of DinosaursNesbitt, S.J.; Smith, N.D.; Irmis, R.B.; Turner, A.H.; Downs, A.; Norell, M.A. · 2009
  101. A Basal Sauropodomorph (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Triassic, Carnian) and the Early Evolution of SauropodomorphaMartinez, R.N.; Alcober, O.A. · 2009
  102. A re-evaluation of Brachiosaurus altithorax Riggs 1903 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) and its generic separation from Giraffatitan brancai (Janensch 1914)Taylor, M.P. · 2009
  103. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O.; Benson, R.B.J. · 2015
  104. A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaursCarballido, J.L.; Pol, D.; Otero, A.; Cerda, I.A.; Salgado, L.; Garrido, A.C.; Ramezani, J.; Cúneo, N.R.; Krause, J.M. · 2017
  105. An Overview of Non-Avian Theropod Discoveries and ClassificationHendrickx, C.; Hartman, S.A.; Mateus, O. · 2015
  106. Tyrannosaur Paleobiology: New Research on Ancient Exemplar OrganismsBrusatte, S.L.; Norell, M.A.; Carr, T.D.; Erickson, G.M.; Hutchinson, J.R.; Balanoff, A.M.; Bever, G.S.; Choiniere, J.N.; Makovicky, P.J.; Xu, X. · 2010
  107. A Century of Spinosaurs — A Review and Revision of the Spinosauridae with Comments on Their EcologyHone, D.W.E.; Holtz, T.R. · 2017
  108. Tail-propelled aquatic locomotion in a theropod dinosaurIbrahim, N.; Maganuco, S.; Dal Sasso, C.; Fabbri, M.; Auditore, M.; Bindellini, G.; Martill, D.M.; Zouhri, S.; Mattarelli, D.A.; Unwin, D.M.; Wiemann, J.; Bonadonna, D.; Amane, A.; Jakubczak, J.; Joger, U.; Lauder, G.V.; Pierce, S.E. · 2020
  109. A Review of Dromaeosaurid Systematics and Paravian PhylogenyTurner, A.H.; Makovicky, P.J.; Norell, M.A. · 2012
  110. Feather Quill Knobs in the Dinosaur VelociraptorTurner, A.H.; Makovicky, P.J.; Norell, M.A. · 2007
  111. The origin of Rhinocerotoidea and phylogeny of Ceratomorpha (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)Bai, B.; Meng, J.; Zhang, C.; Gong, Y.-X.; Wang, Y.-Q. · 2020
  112. The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysisBoisserie, J.-R. · 2005
  113. Phylogenetic systematics of basal perissodactylsFroehlich, D.J. · 1999
  114. A comprehensive phylogeny of extant horses, rhinos and tapirs (Perissodactyla) through data combinationPrice, S.A.; Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P. · 2009
  115. Major Questions in the Study of Primate OriginsSilcox, M.T.; López-Torres, S. · 2017
  116. Macroevolutionary Dynamics and Historical Biogeography of Primate Diversification Inferred from a Species SupermatrixSpringer, M.S. et al. · 2012
  117. The Origin(s) of WhalesUhen, M.D. · 2010
  118. Evolutionary trends in Triceratops from the Hell Creek Formation, MontanaScannella, J.B.; Fowler, D.W.; Goodwin, M.B.; Horner, J.R. · 2014
  119. Catalogue of Life 2026-08-20 (COL26.8), ChecklistBank dataset 316115Catalogue of Life · 2026
  120. Fathering style influences health outcome in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) offspringZiegler, T.E.; Sosa, M.E.; Colman, R.J. · 2017