Gignac, P.M.; Erickson, G.M.
taxonomy · topology · range · morphology · ecology · geochronology · methods
Bite traces and bone-bearing coprolite are direct; forces and pressures are biomechanical model outputs.
Approximately eighty tooth traces on Triceratops ilium MOR 799 and bone in coprolite SMNH P2609.1 directly document bone interaction and ingestion; bite forces of 8,526–34,522 newtons and tooth pressures are muscle-and-lever model results using BHI 3033 and six other adult skulls.
claim:event:tyrannosaurus-osteophagy-biomechanicsTyrannosaurus tooth marks and coprolite contents directly demonstrate bone consumption, while prey choice, population density, bite force and tooth pressure remain separate behavioural or mechanical inferences.
claim:taxon:tyrannosaurus:ecology