The Old World hipparionin review places first dispersal at 11.4–11.0 Ma and the latest regional records around or below 1 Ma; those dates are distinct from the broader North American tribe-level history.
claim:taxon:hipparioniniThe Evolution of Equid Monodactyly: A Review Including a New Hypothesis
McHorse, B.K.; Biewener, A.A.; Pierce, S.E.
Year2019
Source rolesystematic-review
DOI / ID10.3389/fevo.2019.00119
Fitness and scope
taxonomy · morphology · ecology · range
Systematic review of equid foot evolution; supports persistent tridactyly and hypsodonty in Hipparionini and the North American tribe-level context, not Old World terminal dates.
Claim ledger
Hipparionini is treated as a tribe of Equinae; Old World diversity is resolved into multiple genus-rank clades rather than a single broad genus Hipparion.
claim:taxon:hipparionini:taxonomyHipparionini remained tridactyl and many lineages were hypsodont, while body size and foot proportions varied substantially across the radiation.
claim:taxon:hipparionini:morphologyThe represented history distinguishes a North American tribe-level radiation from an Old World dispersal at 11.4–11.0 Ma and later regional Eurasian and African records.
claim:taxon:hipparionini:biogeographyHipparionini retains four distinct displays: a heterogeneous 17–0.6 Ma navigation composite, a 17–2 Ma North American review envelope, an 11.4–11 Ma Old World dispersal window, and a 1–0.6 Ma selected terminal regional window.
claim:taxon:hipparionini:fossil-range