Phylogeny, classification and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata)

Genus-level observations and a morphology matrix test osteostracan phylogeny, classification and character polarity. The analysis is a sampled systematic hypothesis and does not directly establish temporal endpoints for Osteostraci.

The sampled osteostracan genera occupy a Silurian–Devonian study window of about 433.4–358.9 Ma; the envelope records the matrix sample, not exact global origin or extinction.