International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2026/06

For Bryophyta sensu stricto, the root display begins with the late Visean moss remains described from eastern Germany, rounded to 335 Ma, and continues to living mosses; older cryptospores are not treated as crown-moss fossils.

Ornithischia is displayed at 216.5–201.4 Ma only as the source-bounded uppermost-Triassic Eocursor sample and its ICS stage conversion, not an Ornithischia FAD or LAD. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Stegosauria is displayed at 174.7–100.5 Ma only as the review's stage-level body-fossil coverage, not exact origination or extinction instants. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Ankylosaurus is displayed at 72.1–66 Ma only as the stratigraphic coverage of the redescribed type and referred material, not a global genus FAD or LAD. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Ceratopsia is displayed at 113–100.5 Ma only as the Early Cretaceous Aquilops sample interval, not the origin or total duration of Ceratopsia. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Triceratops is displayed at 68–66 Ma only as the sampled latest-Maastrichtian material used in the Triceratops–Torosaurus test, not complete genus endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Hadrosauridae is displayed at 100.5–66 Ma only as the source's global historical-biogeography sample, not an exhaustive family record or exact endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Edmontosaurus is displayed at 73–66 Ma only as the stratigraphic envelope of the sampled skulls, not an independently established global genus duration. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Saurischia is displayed at 215–213 Ma only as the dated Late Triassic Tawa-bearing interval used in the sampled saurischian analysis, not a Saurischia origin date. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Sauropodomorpha is displayed at 231.4–225.9 Ma only as the Carnian Panphagia-bearing interval, not a global sauropodomorph first appearance. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Brachiosauridae is displayed at 154.8–145 Ma only as the Late Jurassic type-material comparison for Brachiosaurus and Giraffatitan, not the complete family range. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Diplodocidae is displayed at 168–125 Ma only as the broad stage envelope of the revision's specimen sample, not a claim of continuous occupancy or exact family endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Titanosauria is displayed at 101.8–101.4 Ma only as the directly dated Patagotitan quarry window, not the first or last appearance of Titanosauria. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Theropoda is displayed at 233.2–66 Ma only as the review's non-avian theropod coverage; living birds and exact global endpoints are outside this claim. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Tyrannosauridae is displayed at 84–66 Ma only as the review-bounded sampled family record, not exact global origination or extinction. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Spinosauridae is displayed at 145–93.9 Ma only as the review's taxonomically qualified fossil coverage, not exact family FAD/LAD. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Spinosaurus is displayed at 100.5–93.9 Ma only as the Cenomanian specimen-bearing interval for FSAC-KK 11888, not the complete genus range. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Dromaeosauridae is displayed at 167–66 Ma only as the review's sampled Jurassic–Cretaceous envelope, not exact global family endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Velociraptor is displayed at 75–71 Ma only as the Campanian specimen interval for IGM 100/981, not the full range of Velociraptor. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Phorusrhacidae is displayed at 3.6–2.6 Ma only as the Pliocene Llallawavis specimen interval, not the family-wide FAD or LAD. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Pelycosauria is displayed at 308–260 Ma only as the review's historical pelycosaurian-grade sample, not a monophyletic taxon range. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Dimetrodon is displayed at 290.1–273 Ma only as the Early Permian species sample used for dental and phylogenetic analysis, not a complete global genus range. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Therapsida is displayed at 283.3–259.5 Ma only as the sampled diversification interval in that analysis, not the origin, survival or full duration of Therapsida. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Dicynodontia is displayed at 259.5–251.9 Ma only as the Russian Permian matrix sample, not the global first and last appearances of Dicynodontia. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Cynodontia is displayed at 259.5–174.7 Ma only as the temporal coverage of the matrix sample, not an uninterrupted global range or direct ancestor chain. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Mammalia is displayed at 164.7–0 Ma only as a contested matrix-dependent navigation envelope; it is not a crown-Mammalia origin date. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Ophiacodontidae is displayed at 308–272 Ma only as the family-level sampled record in the diversity analysis, not exact global endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Probainognathia is displayed at 237–174.7 Ma only as the sampled matrix coverage, not a clade origin, extinction or direct mammal ancestry. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Mammaliamorpha is displayed at 225–0 Ma only as the review's definition-dependent sample envelope, not an exact clade origin or direct ancestor sequence. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Mammaliaformes is displayed at 225–0 Ma only as the review's sampled, definition-dependent navigation envelope, not a crown-Mammalia origin date. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Haramiyida is displayed at 205.7–157.3 Ma only as the source's contested haramiyidan sample envelope, not a stable clade FAD/LAD. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Morganucodonta is displayed at 201.4–145 Ma only as the synthesis's sampled fossil envelope, not exact global genus-group endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Eutriconodonta is displayed at 201.4–66 Ma only as the matrix sample's broad Mesozoic coverage, not a stable membership list or exact endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Homo is displayed at 1.85–1.77 Ma only as the dated Dmanisi assemblage only, not the origin, complete range or living continuation of Homo. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Homo sapiens is displayed at 0.04688–0.04321 Ma only as one directly dated individual, not the origin or complete range of Homo sapiens. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Homo neanderthalensis is displayed at 0.055–0.0455 Ma only as the dated Vindija specimen envelope, not the complete duration of Neanderthals. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

plesiadapiformes is displayed at 66–34 Ma only as the review's heterogeneous sampled assemblage, not a monophyletic crown-primate range. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

adapiformes is displayed at 56–34 Ma only as the review's sampled Eocene record, not an ancestor chain or exact global endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Smilodon is displayed at 0.012–0.01 Ma only as the dated ancient-DNA specimen window, not the full genus range. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Hesperocyon navigation display is displayed at 40–29 Ma only as the monograph's sampled genus record, not exact global origination or extinction. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Amphicyonidae navigation display is displayed at 42–1.8 Ma only as the source-bounded family sample, not a continuous global range or direct dog–bear ancestry. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Cetacea is displayed at 53–0 Ma only as a review-bounded fossil-to-living navigation envelope, not an exact cetacean origination date. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Basilosauridae is displayed at 41–34 Ma only as the review's sampled late-Eocene radiation, not exact family FAD/LAD. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

cetaceamorpha is displayed at 53–0 Ma only as an editorial navigation envelope across separately sampled fossils and living whales, not one observed lineage or origin date. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

raoellidae is displayed at 48–47 Ma only as the sampled raoellid interval in the whale-origin review, not a direct whale ancestor or global family range. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

pakicetidae is displayed at 50–47 Ma only as the review's sampled pakicetid interval, not a linear ancestral stage or exact endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

ambulocetidae is displayed at 48–47 Ma only as the review's sampled ambulocetid interval, not a linear ancestral stage or exact endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

protocetidae is displayed at 47–37.7 Ma only as the review's diverse protocetid sample, not uninterrupted global occupancy or exact endpoints. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

neoceti is displayed at 36–0 Ma only as a synthesis-bounded crown-whale navigation envelope, not a directly observed crown split. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

mysticeti is displayed at 34–0 Ma only as the review's sampled stem-to-living mysticete envelope, not an exact clade origin. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

odontoceti is displayed at 34–0 Ma only as the review's sampled stem-to-living odontocete envelope, not an exact clade origin. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Mammuthus is displayed at 0.14–0.004 Ma only as the dated genomic specimen envelope, not the full fossil duration of Mammuthus. The interval is a source-bounded sample window, not a global FAD, LAD, divergence date, continuous occupancy claim or direct-ancestor assertion.

Carter et al. state an Upper Ordovician–Upper Permian stratigraphic range for Spiriferida; the atlas displays 458.2–251.902 Ma by converting those named bounds with ICS v2026/06, not as direct dates, continuous occupancy or an ancestor sequence.

The cited Pojetaia shell material comes from probably Botomian Ajax Limestone and lowermost Botomian Erkeket Formation units, supporting a Cambrian Stage 4 study-sample envelope of 514.5–506.5 Ma for this Bivalvia route, not a global class FAD, LAD or continuous duration.

McGowan and Smith sample Middle–Late Permian and Induan ammonoids across the Permian–Triassic boundary, supporting a Roadian-to-end-Induan study window of 274.4–250.8 Ma rather than the full Ammonoidea range, a divergence date or continuous global occupancy.

Korn et al. describe an early Late Viséan Moroccan ammonoid assemblage within Goniatitida; the atlas conservatively displays the enclosing Viséan interval, 346.7–330.3 Ma, as a study-sample window rather than an order-wide FAD or LAD.

Shigeta et al. explicitly state that Ceratitida ranged from the Early Permian to the end of the Triassic; the atlas converts those named period bounds to 298.9–201.4 Ma with ICS v2026/06 without implying direct dates, continuous preservation or ancestry.

Bardin et al. analyze a 105-taxon Early Jurassic Hildoceratidae matrix, supporting a 201.4–174.7 Ma period envelope for that sampled ammonitid family rather than the complete Ammonitida range or a Cretaceous extinction endpoint.

Stevens et al. publish a 24-species belemnite sample, first and last occurrence inputs, a 253.1 Ma youngest permitted origin offset and terminal K–Pg context, supporting a 253.1–66.0 Ma study-defined envelope rather than exact global FAD, LAD or continuous occupancy.

More than fifty Pojetaia specimens from probably Botomian Ajax Limestone and lowermost Botomian Erkeket Formation units support a Cambrian Stage 4 sample envelope of 514.5–506.5 Ma; this is not an exhaustive global genus FAD or LAD.

Micrina material from four localities in three broadly synchronous late Atdabanian carbonate units supports a conservative Cambrian Stage 3 study-sample envelope of 521–514.5 Ma, not a global genus range, a brachiopod origin date or a direct-ancestor sequence.

Zhang et al. place a referred sample of 710 Yuganotheca specimens in the Eoredlichia–Wutingaspis zone of the Yu’anshan Member and correlate it with late Atdabanian/Botoman Cambrian Stage 3, supporting a 521–514.5 Ma sample envelope rather than a global genus range or lophophorate divergence date.

Rugosa is displayed at 471.3–251.9 Ma as Oliver’s review-bounded Middle Ordovician–end-Permian fossil record; the numerical conversion is not a specimen-level FAD/LAD or a claim of uninterrupted global occupancy.

Tabulata is displayed at 486.85–251.9 Ma as Oliver’s review-bounded Early Ordovician–end-Permian fossil record; the numerical conversion is not a specimen-level FAD/LAD or a claim of uninterrupted global occupancy.

Scleractinia is displayed at 247.2–0 Ma as Oliver’s review-bounded Middle Triassic–Holocene fossil-to-living range; it is not the Paleozoic molecular-clock estimate, a symbiosis-event window or an exact crown-origin date.

Equisetopsida is displayed at 372.2–0 Ma only as a Sphenopsida/Equisetopsida Devonian-to-living navigation lineage; it is not a crown-Equisetum origin date, direct-ancestor chain or claim that one species persisted throughout.