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Evolutionary events

Bounded evolutionary transitions with claims, sources and uncertainty.

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  1. Great Oxidation interval2450–2050 Ma · transition
  2. Ediacaran macroscopic ecosystems575–538.8 Ma · radiation
  3. Cambrian radiation538.8–520 Ma · radiation
  4. Great Ordovician Biodiversification486.85–460 Ma · radiation
  5. Modelled crown-Embryophyta divergence515–473 Ma · transition
  6. Mosaic fin-to-limb and terrestrialization synthesis385–350 Ma · transition
  7. Eifelian Zachełmie digit trackways393.47–387.95 Ma · origin
  8. Tiktaalik body-plan mosaic375–375 Ma · transition
  9. Tiktaalik pectoral fin and mobile wrist375–375 Ma · transition
  10. Elpistostege digit-bearing fin endoskeleton382.31–372.15 Ma · transition
  11. Acanthostega eight-digit forelimb372.15–358.86 Ma · transition
  12. Ichthyostega three-dimensional joint mobility372.15–358.86 Ma · transition
  13. Amniote diversification320–300 Ma · origin
  14. End-Permian mass extinction252.1–251.902 Ma · extinction
  15. Triassic ecological recovery251.902–235 Ma · radiation
  16. Early angiosperm crown-lineage diversification estimates135–130 Ma · radiation
  17. K–Pg mass extinction66.1–65.9 Ma · extinction
  18. Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum56–55.8 Ma · climate
  19. Early Eocene perissodactyl radiation and dispersal56–45 Ma · radiation
  20. Eocene–Oligocene transition34.2–33.5 Ma · climate
  21. Late Miocene C4-vegetation expansion8–6 Ma · transition
  22. Quaternary megafaunal extinctions0.126–0.01 Ma · extinction
  23. Dapingian cryptospore assemblage473–471 Ma · transition
  24. Late Ordovician spore-mass fragments458.2–445.2 Ma · transition
  25. Asteroxylon rooting-system reconstruction407–407 Ma · transition
  26. Givetian Metzgeriothallus body fossils387.95–382.31 Ma · transition
  27. Extant gymnosperm phylogenomic backbone0–0 Ma · origin
  28. 2011 model of living-cycad radiation12–0 Ma · radiation
  29. Modelled crown age of extant Cycadaceae69.31–42.88 Ma · origin
  30. Modelled contraction of cycad latitudinal range66–11.63 Ma · transition
  31. Tiaojishan Ginkgo-like fossil wood165–153 Ma · origin
  32. Modelled hemispheric pattern in extant conifer nodes8.7–5.2 Ma · radiation
  33. Calibration-sensitive crown-angiosperm timescale152.99–151.46 Ma · origin
  34. Barremian Montsechia in freshwater habitats125.77–121.4 Ma · origin
  35. Cratolirion whole-plant monocot115–115 Ma · origin
  36. Early Cretaceous Leefructus eudicot125.8–122.6 Ma · origin
  37. Great Plains C3–C4 phytolith transition8–5.5 Ma · transition
  38. Qianodus tooth whorls in the late Aeronian439–439 Ma · origin
  39. Fanjingshania dermoskeleton and shoulder remodelling439–439 Ma · innovation
  40. Articulated Xiushanosteus from the Chongqing Lagerstätte436–436 Ma · origin
  41. Shenacanthus combines chondrichthyan and armoured traits436–436 Ma · innovation
  42. Gladbachus reveals a mosaic stem-chondrichthyan anatomy385–385 Ma · innovation
  43. Priscomyzon preserves a Devonian lamprey oral disc360–359 Ma · innovation
  44. Myxinikela records a Carboniferous stem hagfish310–307 Ma · origin
  45. Eifelian Cheirolepis endoskeleton390.4–388.1 Ma · origin
  46. Fukangichthys and crown-actinopterygian recalibration247–241.464 Ma · transition
  47. Genomic support for living Holostei0–0 Ma · origin
  48. Modelled age of teleost genome duplication 3R286.18–267.2 Ma · transition
  49. Anisian stem-teleosteomorph diversity247–241.464 Ma · radiation
  50. Neopterygian caudal-fin developmental mosaic0–0 Ma · transition
  51. Genome-structure support for Eloposteoglossocephala0–0 Ma · origin
  52. Kungurian Gerobatrachus stem batrachian283.3–274.4 Ma · origin
  53. Early Triassic Triadobatrachus μCT251.902–247 Ma · origin
  54. Norian Funcusvermis stem caecilian223.036–218.043 Ma · origin
  55. Oxfordian Beiyanerpeton salamandroid160–154 Ma · origin
  56. Oligocene Ymboirana crown-caecilian candidate27.82–23.03 Ma · origin
  57. Xenopus tropicalis draft genome0–0 Ma · innovation
  58. Xenopus thyroid-receptor metamorphosis experiment0–0 Ma · innovation
  59. Extant 7,238-species amphibian timetree0–0 Ma · radiation
  60. A referred Echinerpeton neural spine308.5–305.5 Ma · morphology
  61. Raranimus in a basal-therapsid matrix274.4–264.28 Ma · origin
  62. Haramiyavia and a matrix-defined crown boundary205.7–201.4 Ma · transition
  63. Riograndia and Brasilodon break a jaw-joint ladder225.42–205.7 Ma · transition
  64. Dianoconodon and Feredocodon jaw–ear mosaics201.4–161.5 Ma · transition
  65. Liaoconodon retains an ossified Meckelian link121.4–113.2 Ma · transition
  66. Living experiments on Meckel's cartilage breakdown0–0 Ma · development
  67. Cartorhynchus holotype body-plan mosaic248–248 Ma · transition
  68. Chaohusaurus maternal specimen and embryos248–248 Ma · ecological
  69. Stenopterygius skin and blubber180–180 Ma · ecological
  70. Rhaeticosaurus holotype and bone histology205.7–201.4 Ma · origin
  71. Gravid Polycotylus specimen78–78 Ma · ecological
  72. Four-flipper plesiosaur hydrodynamic experiment201.4–66 Ma · ecological
  73. Tupandactylus feathers and melanosomes113–113 Ma · ecological
  74. Hamipterus egg and embryo assemblage115–110 Ma · ecological
  75. Giant-pterosaur flight and launch model0–0 Ma · ecological
  76. Indohyus skull, bone-density and isotope sample48–47 Ma · ecological
  77. Pakicetus locality-composite terrestrial skeleton50–48 Ma · transition
  78. Ambulocetus holotype locomotor mosaic48–47 Ma · transition
  79. Peregocetus holotype and South Pacific occurrence42.6–42.6 Ma · dispersal
  80. Basilosaurus reduced hind-limb specimens37.7–35 Ma · transition
  81. Aegicetus holotype and tail-driven transition model37.71–37.71 Ma · transition
  82. Whale–hippo retroposon topology0–0 Ma · phylogenetic
  83. Extant-cetacean molecular supermatrix0–0 Ma · phylogenetic
  84. Eunotosaurus ribs test an early shell model265.1–259.5 Ma · morphology
  85. Pappochelys preserves ribs and paired gastralia242–237 Ma · morphology
  86. Odontochelys preserves a ventral–dorsal shell mosaic237–227.3 Ma · morphology
  87. Caribemys anchors a conservative crown-turtle calibration161.5–155.6 Ma · calibration
  88. Taytalura adds a three-dimensional stem-lepidosaur skull231.4–225.9 Ma · morphology
  89. Megachirella enters a combined-data squamate model247.2–242 Ma · topology
  90. Bellairsia reveals a Jurassic anatomical mosaic168.2–165.3 Ma · morphology
  91. Cryptovaranoides remains a competing-topology case205.7–201.4 Ma · topology
  92. Effigia skeleton and convergent body plan208.5–201.3 Ma · morphology
  93. Carnufex holotype and predator interpretation231–231 Ma · ecological
  94. Junggarsuchus skull consolidation168.3–163.5 Ma · morphology
  95. Tip-dated crown-crocodylian topology0–0 Ma · origin
  96. Thermopolis Archaeopteryx skeleton150–148 Ma · morphology
  97. Anchiornis plumage melanosomes160–160 Ma · morphology
  98. Microraptor four-winged holotype125–120 Ma · innovation
  99. Microraptor wind-tunnel model0–0 Ma · ecological
  100. Asteriornis holotype and crown placement66.8–66.7 Ma · origin
  101. Neoavian whole-genome topology0–0 Ma · radiation
  102. Fossil-calibrated modern-bird time tree0–0 Ma · radiation
  103. Crown-primate relaxed-clock interval79.2–70 Ma · origin
  104. Purgatorius Garbani Channel tarsals65.2–64.4 Ma · morphology
  105. Altiatlasius dental hypodigm and placement boundary59.2–56 Ma · phylogenetic
  106. Teilhardina PETM dental sequence56–55.8 Ma · dispersal
  107. Notharctus digit-two grooming phalanx50–48.5 Ma · morphology
  108. Darwinius part-and-counterpart holotype47.5–47.5 Ma · morphology
  109. Eosimias isolated-tarsal anthropoid test45–40.5 Ma · phylogenetic
  110. Saadanius holotype stem-catarrhine test29–28 Ma · phylogenetic
  111. Morotopithecus Moroto postcranial model21–20.6 Ma · ecological
  112. Dmanisi Skull 5 and early Homo variation1.85–1.77 Ma · morphology
  113. Vindija 33.19 high-coverage Neanderthal genome0.055–0.0455 Ma · phylogenetic
  114. Ust’-Ishim 1 genome and admixture-tract model0.04688–0.04321 Ma · dispersal
  115. Dormaalocyon dental and tarsal sample56–55.8 Ma · transition
  116. “Miacoidea” character-matrix topology0–0 Ma · radiation
  117. Lycophocyon holotype and basal-caniform test46.2–42 Ma · transition
  118. Carnivora six-gene living topology0–0 Ma · radiation
  119. Texas “Miacis” beardog reappraisal42–36.6 Ma · transition
  120. Magericyon feeding finite-element models0–0 Ma · innovation
  121. Kretzoiarctos teeth and panda-clade topology11.8–11.2 Ma · transition
  122. Panthera blytheae holotype and total-evidence placement5.95–4.1 Ma · radiation
  123. Hesperocyon bony-labyrinth hunting model0–0 Ma · innovation
  124. Puijila holotype locomotor mosaic24–20 Ma · transition
  125. Enaliarctos skeleton and swimming model23–23 Ma · transition
  126. Steropodon jaw and monotreme dental evidence110–100 Ma · morphology
  127. Platypus draft genome and comparative mosaic0.001–0 Ma · genomics
  128. Eomaia skeleton, topology and locomotor inference125.8–124.1 Ma · morphology
  129. Juramaia specimen and conditional Jurassic signal161–159 Ma · topology
  130. Ambolestes and a revised therian boundary126–125 Ma · topology
  131. Placental phenomic matrix and K–Pg model66–64 Ma · model
  132. Placental four-clade molecular topology103–79 Ma · genomics
  133. Eritherium skull and stem-proboscidean placement60.5–59.2 Ma · topology
  134. Thalassocnus bone-density series8–3 Ma · ecology
  135. Mimolagus teeth, tarsals and body-size model47.8–41.2 Ma · morphology
  136. Onychonycteris flight and echolocation proxies52.5–50.3 Ma · function
  137. Seven-gene bat topology and echolocation scenarios0.001–0 Ma · genomics
  138. Competing early-dinosaur morphology matrices233–228 Ma · origin
  139. Buriolestes ULBRA-PVT280 and ancestral-diet mapping233.2–231.4 Ma · origin
  140. Eocursor holotype SAM-PK-K8025210–201.3 Ma · origin
  141. Mussaurus ontogenetic 3-D stance models192.9–184.2 Ma · adaptation
  142. Ledumahadi BP/1/7120 gigantism model200.5–195 Ma · adaptation
  143. Scelidosaurus lectotype NHMUK R1111 armour193–191 Ma · morphology
  144. Yinlong holotype IVPP V14530161.2–155.7 Ma · origin
  145. Edmontosaurus NDGS 2000 skin taphonomy67–66 Ma · morphology
  146. Three Yutyrannus feathered skeletons125.8–124.1 Ma · morphology
  147. Oviraptorid IGM 100/979 over an egg clutch75–71 Ma · behavior
  148. Tyrannosaurid histology growth-curve dataset83–66 Ma · adaptation
  149. Tyrannosaurus bite traces and osteophagy model68–66 Ma · behavior
  150. Cryogenian sponge-biomarker attribution test635–541 Ma · geochemical
  151. Eocyathispongia single-specimen anatomy609–600 Ma · fossil
  152. Helicolocellus organic-skeleton hypothesis551–539 Ma · fossil
  153. Basal-Cambrian Soltanieh sponge spicules536–533 Ma · fossil
  154. Amphimedon draft-genome comparison0–0 Ma · genomic
  155. Competing phylogenomic models at the animal root0–0 Ma · phylogenetic
  156. Auroralumina Charnwood polyps562–557 Ma · fossil
  157. Haootia muscle and staurozoan interpretation560–560 Ma · fossil
  158. Xianguangia extinct body-plan test518–518 Ma · fossil
  159. Burgessomedusa swimming-medusa evidence506–504 Ma · fossil
  160. Cnidarian 41-taxon phylogenomic sample0–0 Ma · phylogenetic
  161. Myxozoan cnidarian genome reduction0–0 Ma · genomic
  162. Paleozoic scleractinian clock model425–240 Ma · phylogenetic
  163. Late-Triassic coral photosymbiosis test213–211 Ma · ecological
  164. Kimberella White Sea body-plan sample558–555 Ma · transition
  165. Odontogriphus serial tooth-row sample508–505 Ma · innovation
  166. Orthrozanclus shell-and-sclerite mosaic508–505 Ma · transition
  167. Pojetaia shell-microstructure sections521–513 Ma · innovation
  168. Nectocaris soft-body cephalopod test508–505 Ma · transition
  169. Aculifera phylogenomic topology0–0 Ma · radiation
  170. All-class molluscan phylogenomic sample0–0 Ma · radiation
  171. Gastropod Nodal chirality experiment0–0 Ma · innovation
  172. Octopus genome innovation test0–0 Ma · innovation
  173. Micrina bivalved reconstruction521–514.5 Ma · transition
  174. Kutorgina soft-tissue anatomy520–518 Ma · innovation
  175. Lingula genome and shell proteome0–0 Ma · innovation
  176. Yuganotheca tubular lophophorate mosaic521–514.5 Ma · transition
  177. Early trilobite topology and origin-time model521.5–518 Ma · topology
  178. Tatelt trilobites preserved in three dimensions515–514 Ma · morphology
  179. Trilobite upper limb branch and gill function509–443 Ma · function
  180. Bohemolichas gut contents and digestive inference466–463 Ma · ecology
  181. Burgess Shale agnostid anatomy and affinity509–506 Ma · topology
  182. Urokodia appendages and upper stem-chelicerate placement519–518 Ma · morphology
  183. Megachelicerax chelicerae and stem placement504.5–500.5 Ma · morphology
  184. Mollisonia neuroanatomy and mosaic stem signal508.1–505 Ma · topology
  185. Jaekelopterus giant chelicera and body-size estimate411–407 Ma · morphology
  186. Xiphosuran total-group morphology matrix480–0 Ma · topology
  187. Parioscorpio anatomy and the reassessed scorpion hypothesis437.5–436.5 Ma · transition
  188. Competing phylogenomic models of Arachnida485–444 Ma · genomics
  189. Tokummia mandibles and subdivided limb bases508–508 Ma · innovation
  190. Waptia specimen series and mandibulate anatomy508–508 Ma · innovation
  191. Yicaris phosphatized growth series521–514 Ma · innovation
  192. Ostracod transcriptomes and conditional pancrustacean nodes0–0 Ma · radiation
  193. Expanded remipede sampling in Pancrustacea0–0 Ma · radiation
  194. Pancrustacean topology shifts with taxon sampling0–0 Ma · radiation
  195. Rhyniella body material and springtail furcula411–407 Ma · transition
  196. Rhyniognatha insect–myriapod dispute411–407 Ma · transition
  197. Fossil-calibrated arthropod terrestrialization models0–0 Ma · transition
  198. Paskov Lower Carboniferous wing fragment325–323 Ma · innovation
  199. Parhyale leg-patterning knockouts and wing homology0–0 Ma · innovation
  200. 1KITE insect topology and calibrated time model0–0 Ma · radiation
  201. Five Pennsylvanian eumetabolan fossils315–299 Ma · radiation
  202. Vegavis skull tests a Cretaceous crown-bird hypothesis69.2–68.4 Ma · radiation
  203. Mosasauroidea is broader than Mosasauridae100.5–89.8 Ma · origin
  204. Bobosaurus as an older uncertain plesiosaur-line candidate237–227.3 Ma · origin
  205. Maghriboselache documents a broad-snouted Devonian symmoriiform369.5–369 Ma · innovation
  206. Strudiella insect diagnosis and re-assessment365–365 Ma · classification
  207. Cosmoselachus reveals an operculate symmoriiform326–326 Ma · innovation
  208. Cretophasmomima wing pattern and proposed leaf crypsis130–122 Ma · ecology